Essay Sample on Romanticism and Enlightenment Values

Essay Sample on Romanticism and Enlightenment Values Romanticism is not the bastard child of the Enlightenment but its mistress. Discuss with reference to ideas about savage peoples. In this essay on Romanticism I intend to review some of the key ideas from political and economic philosophy and the general themes that characterised the thinking of the two movements. I hope to trace the course of the perception of the ‘other’ from that of the semi-mythical through to the nascent reject of ethnocentricity. I will be focusing particularly on conceptions of the ‘state of nature’ and the development of the comparative methodology. Finally, I intend to argue that the separation of Enlightenment thought from romantic thought is to some extent a false division in the field of political philosophy. The British Enlightenment movement, (the 17th 18th Centuries), was deeply embedded in the political and economic upheavals of the time. The trial and execution of Charles I was an open challenge to the orthodoxy of the divine right of Kings to rule and much of the later political philosophy was to address the form and nature of government. Science and industrialisation were continuing apace, and by the early 1700s Britain would see the first Industrial Revolution. The old feudal order was rapidly giving way to a new capitalist one. While contributors to the body of work produced during the Enlightenment took quite different philosophical positions, it could be said that at the heart of the Enlightenment movement was â€Å"a confidence in science, a daring attempt at new discoveries about the human mind, an opposition to superstition and fanaticism, an emphasis on human nature, a restrained scepticism about traditional views of knowledge and belief, and a mood of reform and critique .† (Hume, 1999, [1748], 10) A few years after the execution of Charles I, Hobbes was to publish Leviathan (1651), his seminal work in which he laid out his blueprint for civil peace. In Leviathan Hobbes examines the foundations and nature of civil society and envisions man emerging from a ‘state of nature’, (the hypothetical condition existing â€Å"if there were no common power able to restrain individuals, no law and no law-enforcement†. (Hobbes, 1968, [1651], 40)). Essentially, Hobbes believed certain aspects of human life would always bring man into conflict with each other, constantly balancing a desire for power with an aversion to death or injury. He thought that men would reason that the best method of self-preservation was peace and that men should be willing to forgo their â€Å"right to all things† on the provision that everyone else does simultaneously. This system is precarious though as men will always seek to recover his devolved powers and use them to his own advantage and to prevent this, these powers must be surrendered to a sovereign. This entire system is predicated on reason and thus the innate ability of man to determine the ‘laws of nature’: â€Å"A LAW OF NATURE (Lex Naturalis,) is a Precept, or general Rule, found out by Reason, by which a man is forbidden to do† (Hobbes, 1968, [1651], 189). Locke published his ‘Two Treatises of Government’ a few years later and the subject matter has much in common with that of Leviathan. Like Hobbes, Locke believed that â€Å"The State of Nature has a Law of Nature to govern it, which obliges everyone† (Locke, 1960, 271). Elsewhere, Locke clarifies his use of ‘reason’: â€Å"Reason therefore here, as contradistinguished to Faith, I take to be the discovery of the Certainty or Probability of such Propositions or Truths, which the Mind arrives at by Deductions made from such Ideas, which it has got by the use of its natural Faculties, viz. by Sensation or Reflection.† (Locke, 1960, 390) However, Locke’s conception of man in the state of nature is markedly more optimistic than that of Hobbes, political society is not responsible for all that is admirable in man, â€Å"for truth and keeping of Faith belongs to Men, as Men, and not as Members of society† (1960, 277) and neither is the state of nature the chaotic, hypothetic state of nature of Hobbes, but instead that situation where one â€Å"Body Politick† has been formed (1960, 277) Hume is often considered a archetypal Enlightenment thinker, however, he struck an enormous blow against the prevailing rationalism, so prevalent in the thought and writing of Hobbes and Locke, â€Å"Many of these philosophers thought that, using reason alone, they could establish the existence and nature of God, identify the most basic entities that comprise the universe, and grasp the eternal truths of morality† (Hume, 1999, [1748], 11). Hume’s argument is strongly empirical, he claims that most knowledge, knowledge of ‘matters of fact’ as opposed to a priori truths such as those of mathematics, comes from our experience and that it is only through our past experience that we believe it to be ‘true’ knowledge. Furthermore, just because we perceive a cause and effect based on our past experience there is nothing that compels this necessary connection in the future (Hume, 1999, [1748], 109). While a fuller exposition of Hume’s writings i s beyond the scope of this essay it is important to note that Locke’s understanding of reason, that which underpinned his entire philosophy, is comprised of intuitive, demonstrative and sensitive forms of knowledge. Thus the exclusive use of reason as a methodology for understanding the world and its laws was effectively challenged by reason. The formative role of past experience and local phenomena was to characterize much of the political and economic philosophy thenceforth, and although much of this thinking was concurrent with Hume’s work, his influence was especially felt on his friend Adam Smith. Specifically, thinkers were both encouraged further in the scientific method, induction rather than deduction. The search for the fundamental laws governing the universe and human behavior continued but empirical and comparative approaches prospered. ‘The Wealth of Nations’ both examines the inter-connectedness and causes of economic phenomena and provides a form of economic manifesto. Smith took a relativist approach to his work, â€Å"he recognized that in aesthetics, as well as in everything else, standards were variable and there was nothing that was ultimately ‘right’.† (MacFarlane, 2000, 84). Smith saw societies as moving though distinct economic phases influenced by their level of resources, government and whether or not they are at war. Like Locke, he saw the preservation of property as a formative factor in civil society, but unlike Locke this was no social contract but, â€Å"Civil government, so far as it is instituted for the security of property, is, in reality, instituted for the defense of the rich against the poor, or of those who have some property against those who have none at all.† (1970 [1776], 610) This kind of environmental determinism is also found in Montesquieu’s writings, he writes extensively on the effect of climate on the character. While his position was certainly not relativist (â€Å"barbaric customs and penitences† (1989, 235)) he strongly embraced the comparative method and prefigured functionalist thought, such as that of Malinowski, by arguing that religious and social phenomena were in part a product of their environment. Rousseau published the ‘social contract’ in 1762, returning to many of themes discussed by Hobbes and Locke a hundred years earlier but from a romantic perspective. By contrast, Rousseau looks not to the civilizing power of pure reason but to emotive forces that can be inculcated into men â€Å"form men if you want to command men.† (1997, 13). Political society is no longer a logical extension of natural law, but â€Å"the social order is a sacred right†¦yet this right does not come from nature; it is therefore founded on conventions† (1997, 41) the social contract ‘substitutes’ â€Å"a partial and moral existence for the independent and physical existence we have all received from nature.† (1997, 69). As Montesquieu had done before him, and Smith would do after, Rousseau believed that environment had an effect on the laws and custom of societies (1997, 74) but Rousseau is possessed of a more relativistic, if not idealistic, perspec tive, â€Å"When, among the happiest people in the world, troops of peasants are seen attending to affairs of State under an oak tree and always acting wisely, can one avoid despising the refinements of other nations which make themselves illustrious and miserable with so much art and mystification?† (1997, 121) The French Revolution, and the shock waves it sent throughout Europe, was considered by some to be the natural result of applied Enlightenment principles. In particular Burke struck out at the â€Å"Empire of light and reason† (1968, [1790], 171), he wrote: â€Å"the pretended rights of these theorists are all extremes; and in proportion as they are metaphysically true, they are morally and politically false.† (1968, [1790], 153) Burke makes an impassioned defense of the merits of tradition and emotive values, â€Å"all your sophisters cannot produce any thing better adapted to preserve a rational and manly freedom than the course that we have pursued, who have chosen our nature rather than our speculations, our breasts rather than our inventions, for the great conservatories and magazines or our rights and privileges.† (1968, [1790], 121). This appeal to the values of emotion and a rejection of the primacy of rationality is characteristic of Romanticism which is echoed throughout the literature and music of the period. However, to view it independently or entirely in opposition to the Enlightenment is fallacious, it is very much a continuation and expansion of some of the key ideas: â€Å"This can be seen with particular clarity in the fundamental schema of the philosophy of history that romanticism shares with the Enlightenment and that precisely though the romantic reaction to the Enlightenment became an unshakable premise: the schema of the conquest of mythos by logos†¦It is supposed to represent progress in the history of the mind, and precisely because romanticism disparages this development, it take over the schema itself as a self-evident truth.† (Gadamer, 1999, 273) As a final point, and to return to the assertion of the essay title, in could be argued that in some ways the analogy of the Romantic Movement to that which is female is particularly appropriate given later structuralist thought. While rationality, science and individuality are associated with the masculine (â€Å"I flatter myself that I love a manly, moral, regulated liberty as well as any gentlemen of that society† (Burke, 1968, [1790], 89), nature, superstition, emotion, the body and the organic conception of social systems are often conflated in western society with the feminine.

The theme of gender separation in the poem Home Burial by Robert Frost.

The theme of gender separation in the poem Home Burial by Robert Frost. Dealing With TragedyIn ?Home Burial?, by Robert Frost, a husband and wife grieve differently in the face of the shared loss of their son. This difference is made apparent bywhat they refer to as ?talk? and ?speech?. The title, ?Home Burial?, refers to the son?s burial, but also to the deterioration of the parents? relationship. This deterioration does not come from having different methods of mourning, but from their inability to understand or accept each other?s method. This separation represents an overall division between two genders.The poem begins with the husband looking up a flight of stairs at his wife. She, however, is looking to her son?s gravesite through a window behind her. This opening scene epitomizes each of their outlooks on mourning for their son. The mother looks to the grave because her level of mourning is just as intense as it was when the son first died.speechHer grief does not go away with time because she believes that ?Friends make pretense of following to t he grave, / But before one is in it, their minds are turned / And making the best of their way back to life / and living people, and things they understand? (102-105). She refuses to make her way back to life and living people because she hasn?t yet accepted the death of her son. Therefore, she looks to her son because she hasn?t yet acknowledged his death. The husband has made this acknowledgement. He has accepted that his son is dead and now looks to move on or he looks to ?living people?. For this reason the scene opens with him looking at his wife.These differences of their expressions of grief are consistent with their wishes concerning each other?s speech. When the husband discovers that his...

The Impacts Of Music In Learning English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Impacts Of Music In Learning English - Essay Example The variety of the forms of music means that not all forms of music can perform a specific function in the lives of human beings. The variety of the forms of music means that each form of music may be suitable for a specific form of task. For instance, there are love songs, blues, reggae as well as raga. Others include the pop, rap as well as gospel music. It is critical to note that different forms of music are always suitable for the work set up. These include such songs as smooth reggae, raga as well as pop songs. This paper is going to discuss some of the reasons to support the fact that using music to teach English is likely to make students learn English faster and show improved performance as well as good scores. In short, the paper is going to explore the impacts of music in learning English. In connection with the above, it is of crucial significance to note that music can also play significant roles in the education sector. The use of music in the education sector to teach students certain subjects may be associated with the increased performance of students (Alipour, 34). However, not all the students taught using music must show positive results. A fraction of the students may get absorbed into the music that they fail to understand the role of music in their lesson. A number of students may fail to understand that the music introduced during some lessons is geared towards ensuring that they understand the concepts of the subject being taught in an in-depth manner. However, on the other hand, the use of music in teaching the students may lead to a greater proportion of such students depicting better results. It is of critical significance to note that the use of music to help in teaching students English as a foreign language may lead to the improved and enhanced performance of those students in English (Alipour, 48).

Examine and discuss the influence of individual resistance to change, Essay

Examine and discuss the influence of individual resistance to change, potential sources of stress, and consequences in organizations. Recommend approaches to managing change and stress - Essay Example But it is equally true that people tend to resist any kind of change within and outside their professional life for variety of reasons. Hence, organizations need to implement the changes in a manner that mitigates the resistance of the individuals and instills confidence in them. In the book ‘Organization Behavior’ the authors Hitt et al, have cited four basic causes of resistance to change: lack of understanding; different assessment; self interest; and low tolerance (Hitt, A. Miller, C. Chet Miller and Colella, 2005). The first factor normally happens when the employees and staff are not clear about the changes that need to be made which creates fear of the unknown among the persons who need to adapt to the changes. The second factor is crucial because the management may resist to the change as a result of assessing the change in a differently perspective, mainly due to lack of communication on the part of management. This type of resistance develops when organization is in the process of adopting newer technology which creates self doubt of the new technology and at the same time they become unsure about their own ability to successfully adapt the changes in their work practice. Finally self interests and low tolerance for change is usually o bserved when people in the organization do not anticipate changes and therefore often undergo different modes of emotional resistance before accepting the changes. These are major factors that create irrational fear, emotions like anger, frustration and reluctant acceptance that promotes non-congenial atmosphere for work. They fight against any change to defend their position and job in the organization, keeping their self interest in mind. A good leader ensures that all types of changes must be gradually introduced with full participation of the employees so that at each stage, they are able to understand the necessity and viability of the changes that must be

Bio psycho social Essay Example for Free

Bio psycho social Essay I met with Louis Sutter on Sunday, March 31, 2013. Daniel is a twenty two year old Jewish white male. He currently resides at 123 Apple Road, Columbia, SC, 29205. He is currently studying full time at USC-Columbia and unemployed. He is not married, but in a two year relationship with his girlfriend, Taylor. He was referred to me from the counseling center at USC-Columbia. He was sent to me for anxiety and stress management. Source of Data I received documents from USC- Columbia’s counseling Center, and health records from his primary doctor. I had consent from the client as well as his counselor and his primary physician. The client followed counselor’s advice and made an appointment with me voluntarily. Description and development of presenting problem Louis is currently in counseling where his counselor suggested he specifically seek stress and anxiety management. He is a full time student who is struggling to balance the demands of college and time management which has recently triggered a significant amount of stress and anxiety. My client sought my assistance after struggling to complete assignments on their due dates. Family History Louis currently resides in Columbia but is originally from Greenville, South Carolina. In Columbia, he lives with two roommates. Their names are Brandon and Jeffery. They are both Jewish white male students in their twenties. Louis and his roommates take part in a Jewish fraternity. Louis is the second child to Jane and Rueben Sutter. His parents are middle aged. He has an older sister named Jori who is twenty seven. Louis is very close to his  mother, Jane. Louis is also close to his maternal grandfather. He does not interact that much with his paternal family. Client History Louis was born on March 20, 1991. He graduated high school in 2009. He enrolled in college and plans to graduate May 2014. In 2007 he reports that he struggled with the academic demands of high school. In that same year, documents note that Louis was tested for learning disabilities and psychological disorders. His physician and psychiatrist suggested medication and therapy. See attached document for specific past medications. After some trial and error, my client is currently taking Pristiq and Adavan. My client and medical records show that he takes 80mg Pristiq daily and 50mg Adavan when needed. My client says he is satisfied with his meds and the dosages. He also informed me that his mother and sister suffer from anxiety and depression. My client suggests a healthy intimate relationship because he has been dating the same girl for two years and is content. He has no criminal record or legal issues which were verified with a background check. He mentioned that he has never had an issue with drugs or alcohol. Current Situation Despite the anxiety and stress, Louis appears to be a positive, healthy and happy person. He takes part in a Jewish college fraternity, has a good support system, takes part in some Jewish traditions as well as participates in activities related to his major. He seems enthusiastic about classes, just struggles to meet deadlines, procrastinates as well as feels nervous when doing assignments. He wants to complete assignments confidently but says he is always second guesses himself. My client is a full time student who does not work during when classes are in session. He states that his parents financially support him as well as his saving from working in the summers. He says with his savings and parents help, he is able to pay for food, rent and bills. He has his own transportation and is able to get around town, to classes, internship and social events. He says he is more of a cultural Jew than a religious Jew. Assessment Strengths Problem List Planning, Implementation, Evaluation, and Termination Self- Assessment

Michael Moores Roger & Me Essay -- Documentary Films General Motors E

Michael Moore's Roger & Me Roger & Me is a documentary film chronicling the workings of one of the world’s largest corporations, General Motors, as it nearly turns its hometown of Flint, Michigan, into a ghost town. In his quest to discover why GM's management and board of directors would do such a thing, filmmaker Michael Moore, a Flint native, attempts to meet the chairman, Roger Smith, and invite him out for a few beers up in Flint to "talk things over." Moore is the son of a Flint autoworker and a whole family of autoworkers. Roger & Me examines how Moore's hometown of Flint is affected when General Motors closes down a series of factories in order to set up production in Mexico. The town is devastated, economically and spiritually, because GM was practically the only game in town - the city was built around GM. Since 1983, car sales had steadily risen and GM has posted record profits of nearly $19 billion. So why lay off all of these people? Moore points out that he and his friends were raised on the American Dream which promised that if you worked hard and the company you worked for prospered, you would prosper, too. Now, it seems GM's board of directors has changed the rules: you work hard, the company prospers- and you lose your job. Roger & Me shows that capitalism is not always consistent with this American Dream. Roger & Me shows that GM's board of directors used company profits not to create new jobs, but to buy already existing assets, such as data processing companies (EDS) and weapons manufacturers (Hughes Aircraft) at inflated prices, and to automate their current assembly lines, and build new plants in Mexico and in Asia -- destroying jobs in the United States in the process. In Mexico, GM pays the worker... ...t be done in work. This man is also upset because the point of unions is to increase the workers strength in bargaining with employers. The union clearly did not help in the case of the GM workers in Flint. Roger & Me is a great documentary film. It captures a lot about our form of capitalism. Moore shows the problems that large capitalist companies make, in a way that appeals to a broad audience. Since it is a real story, it is not telling some story of how things could be or would be, but how things really are. Fred Ross must evict numerous people out of their homes daily so that he has a roof over his head and food for himself. While one half of Flint is receiving some kind of Government Welfare for being unemployed, Roger Smith is giving himself a $2 million raise. In a better world profit maximization would not be the goal of an economic system or a society.

Experience of the Attawapiskat Cree to Ojibwa in relation to the Canadian Government

The Attawaspiskat Cree and Ojibwa are a first nations group living in parts of Canada, mainly northern Ontario. The main languages spoken by these first nation groups are Mushkegowuk Cree and Ojibway. I will compare and contrast the experience of the Attawapiskat Cree to Ojibwa in relation to the Canadian Government. This will include analyzing the treaties introduced by the government towards the Cree and the Ojibwa: in particular, treaty 9 will be discussed. In addition, to these treaties the government has divided the first nation community into two different groups: status-Indians and non-status Indians. Within these two groups further division has been accomplished by the allocation of lands know as reserves to status-Indians and independent ownership for non-status Indians. This allocation of lands in reserves for status-Indians and independent ownership for non-status Indian is based on the policies developed through dependent and independent tenure. The laws permitting only status-Indians to live in reserves have fragmented the community and changes in culture and traditions have been rapid since the arrival of the government. The arrival of the Canadian government in the early nineteen-hundreds was the last major encapsulating factor the Cree and the Ojibwa were to face after the Hudson Bay Company and the church. The methods adopted by the government were aimed at changing the social, economic, political and religious practices held within these societies. One of the first efforts undertaken by the Canadian government was to legalize any action it would take in the regions occupied by the Cree and the Ojibwa. Therefore, in 1905 and 1906 treaty 9 was signed with the people of Cree and the people of Ojibwa. With the introduction of treaty 9, logging, hydroelectric development, minerals, construction of road and railways started. This treaty also introduced new land policies, which allowed non-Indians to exploit the resources used before only by the Indians. Commissioner Scott who represented the government promised the Indians that treaty 9 would not affect the way of living for the Indian people, rather the government would help in times of need: â€Å"There will not be any legislation governing trapping, hunting animals and hunting birds and fishing, if you are in favour of the treaty. If something happens to you as to sickness or need of help the government will help you, all the people from Albany, Attawapiskat, Winisk, Fort Severn, will have this help† (Cummins 2004, 36). However, during the famine of 1909, 1928, 1930-31, 1934-36 and 1946-48 in Attawaspiskat, assistance from the government was little or non-existent. Therefore, the main reason for the treaty was to extinguish aboriginal rights and to take away the land owned by the Indians. Following treaty 9 many different treaties were introduced by the government which further deteriorated the economical conditions present within the Indian community. These treaties had assured for the Cree and the Ojibwa, that provision would be made for the supply of seed, cattle and agricultural implements as these nations had exhibited an interest in starting farming for economic interest. Additionally, some other treaties had guaranteed distribution of fishing nets, net twins, guns and ammunition so as it can enable the Indians to hunt for subsistence activities, with participation with the new economy. However, the government provided insufficient amenities which were unable to economically improve the position of the Cree and Ojibwa. In addition, federal legislation – especially the Indian Act – teamed with federal and provincial policy and actions, rendered it arduous for Aboriginal people to undertake other economic interest. (http://www. ainc-inac. gc. ca/ch/rcap/sg/sh45_e. html). It is essential to define the terms land tenure and land use in order to understand how these systems are used as an encapsulating factor for the Ojibwa and the Attawapiskat Cree. Land use is the physical exploitation of land, where as land tenure are the policies which govern the use of land and is based on social, political and exploitative patterns of a group. Example of social, political and exploitative patterns would include the ways of accommodation, such as living in micro or macro bands and occupying a river drainage or a good fishing site; notion of land ownership; and hunting patters, respectively. Since the incursion of Euro-Canadians in all aspect of Indian life, there have been changes in the traditional land tenure policies held within these societies for centuries. The government has divided the Ojibwa and the Cree into two different categories: status Indians and non-status Indians. Status Indians are those individuals who according to the Indian Act appear on the governments list of registered Indians. Status-Indians are solely dependent on governmental aid and live on lands turned into reserves by the government; they are also exempted from any provincial or federal programs such as income tax and property tax. Non-status Indians are those who have lost their Indian status by governmental enfranchisement. These people cannot live on reserves; land setup by the government for status-Indians, but they can independently own land and must pay taxes. The reserves are created by the Indian Act as, â€Å"the minister may, when he considers it desirable constitute new bands and when a new band has been established from an existing band or any part thereof, such portion of the reserve lands and funds of the existing band as the minister determines shall be held for the use and benefit of the new band†. (Driben 1986: 114). Therefore, to create a reserve there must be, a new band who has requested the government to be turned into a reserve. Hence, if approved the government would allocate an existing reserve or some land. Once designated as a reserve, individuals cannot have the title to the land and cannot exercise the freedom to move fluidly in different areas or groups. One major set back by the government to the Ojibwa people living in Aroland are the economic government policy adopted towards them. In 1971, the provincial plan for economic development was revealed, which concluded that land and resource development should take place only in places which demonstrate a potential for growth. Therefore, the problem arouse when Nakina, a town less than 25 kilometres from Aroland became the centre of growth, this has shifted any incentives from private and government sectors to economically invest in Aroland. The government of Canada has introduced two types of land tenure for the Cree and the Objiwa, dependent and independent land tenure. In dependent land tenure two aspects must be fulfilled, first that region must be made into a reserve, and second, the people occupying the region must be status-Indians. Once the region has become a reserve it falls under the jurisdiction of the ministry of Indian Affairs. Therefore, by the Indian Act, the ministry has the authority to possess land, prevent the transfer of land between bands, and to allocate land as they see fit. The economic impact of the dependent tenure has its benefits and disadvantages. These benefits include that the ministry of Indian affairs will provide aid for economic development. Such aid can be in forms of loans to bands, groups or individuals. Moreover, the Indians are not required to pay property tax or income tax on the money they earn by working on the reserves. A disadvantage would be that the reserved land cannot be sold or leased unless it is surrendered to the government, and once the land has been surrendered to the government, it is controlled and owned by the government not the Indians. The social impact of dependent tenure is the segregation caused by the subdivision of Indians into status and non-status Indians. Therefore, to choose dependent tenure would segregate the community into one group, that comprising of status-Indians only. By the Indian act, non-status Indians are considered to be trespassers if they enter a reserve and can be fined and imprisoned for doing so. On the other hand, Independent Land Tenure is a more euro-Canadian form of land policy. Indians in independent land tenure can buy property. But if the people opt for Independent Land tenure they cannot form any kind of reserve. Since Independent tenure is regulated under provincial government, the federal government would not be involved. Once the provincial government sells the people the land they occupy, the individual will get the title to the land and also some benefits as stated by the minister, â€Å" Firstly, a surface right, which permits a landowner to enjoy the current use of his land. Secondly, a productive right, which allows an owner to make a profit from the current use of his land. Thirdly, a development right, allowing the owner to improve his property. Fourthly, a pecuniary right, whereby a landowner benefits financially from development value both effectively granting the right not to develop and sixthly, a disposal right, allowing an owner to sell or will his land† (Driben 1986: 105). The economic advantage of independent tenure is that Indians can participate in government programs, can be endowed with equity that can be employed to obtain mortgages and loans from banks and other financial institutions. Additionally they can have provincially tax-supported services such as fire protection, construction of roads, as well as other provincial benefits. In conclusion, the arrival of the government in the early nineteen-hundred marked a beginning which has rapidly cause change and encapsulated the Ojibwa and the Cree. Treaty 9, also known as the James Bay treaty, has let the government occupy two-third of northern Ontario from the Indians. An encapsulation method adopted by the government was to divide the Indians into different groups; this was done by dividing the people into status-Indians and non-status Indians. Further, physical sub-division was accomplished by the government through dependent and Independent tenure. Laws forbidding non-status Indians to enter reserves were strictly enforced and any economic incentives approached by the Indians were tentatively dealt with. Therefore the nineteen hundred has been a drastic change for the Ojibwa and the Cree, and it has transformed them from a simpler life of hunting for subsistence to that of trading and has made them conform to the external pressure to acculturate. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cummins, Brian D. 2004. Only God Can Own the Land. Toronto: Pearson Education Canada Inc. Driben, Paul. 1986. Aroland Is Our Home – An incomplete victory in Applied Anthropology. New York: AMS Press. Martin, Calvin. 1978. Keepers of the Game. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. Schmalz, Peter S. 1991. The Ojibwa. Toronto, Buffalo, and London: University of Toronto Press. Krech, Shepard. 1981. Indians, Animals, and the Fur trade. Athens: The University of Georgia Press. .